What is a Descriptive Essay

What is a Descriptive Essay? Descriptive essay is devoted to portraying a detailed account of your writing’s subject. The sort of details that should be provided depends on the type of the described concept. For example, if the essay is about a literary character, it should include references to his or her individuality, behavior and its role in the corresponding story. But if your subject is a bicycle, you should refer more to its technical characteristics and parameters. Although descriptive essay obviously requires detailed description, it is not necessary to thoroughly discuss every aspect of your subject. Choose one that is the most interesting and will be in focus – some event, person, mood or feeling – and describe it vividly. Still, do not isolate the subject from its context, as it must serve as a background, which will make your description more expressive. Decide on the purpose of your essay. For example, if you plan to depict someone’s achievements, it won’t be enough just to stick to describing his or her talents. For that purpose, you should relate about competitions the person participated in, list the prizes and honors he or she won. When it comes to description, it’s high time to forget regular cliches. Make use of rich vocabulary; be sure to use plenty of adjectives and synonyms. A few metaphors will also make for a vivid experience of your readers. Try to keep the order of your description in such a way that you proceed from general information to specific details. For example, it is inappropriate to start the person’s description with discussion of his or her clothes. It is better first to give general details, such as gender, age and occupation. There are no strict rules concerning the summary part of descriptive essay. You may add your own attitude, or state what you find special about the subject described.

Why Slavery Was A Source Of Social Stability - 3414 Words

It is not clear to say whether Slavery was a source of social stability or tension in the South between 1820 and 1860’s, in order to establish the correct answer, we must first discuss them, the arguments that exist between the two, the statistics and figures which exist between the two, as well as the overall general opinion at that time. Both points have their own arguments in themselves, people may argue that without the slave trade, America wouldn’t be what it is today, others would argue that the slave trade, has created instability as well as tension due to the cycle of poverty, that has borne fruit in America amongst African American’s with no way out, for ancestors of old southern slaves. It also should be†¦show more content†¦The stability that slavery created in the American South between 1820 and 1860 was phenomenal. Economic stability was like no other country had ever seen, this economic stability created a global marketing network througho ut many different nations, trade routes that still exist within modern America today. Slavery became the bedrock of American South livelihood; it became so valuable that it was almost seen as unimaginable to live without slavery. â€Å"It was inconceivable that European colonists could have settled and developed America without slave labour taking place,† this was according to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The reason the south prospered and grew like it did was due to slavery. The value that slaves had to their slave owners was unquestionable. Slave owners were able to receive loans, whilst using their slaves as guarantors; these loans would then have been used in the purchasing of further land, more livestock and more slaves. It was also said that slave owners used their slaves to pay of any outstanding debt they may have had. It is clear to see the economic value that slaves possessed; they were included in the valuation of estates, for example; (Example), and this in turn became a sou rce of tax revenue for the National as well as the local Governments, it was also

The Holocaust A Mass Murder Of Millions Of Jews - 993 Words

When the United States heard about the holocaust taking place in Germany, they took action. The Holocaust in Germany was a mass murder of millions of jews that was ran by Adolph Hitler and his Nazi party. The United States is taking similar actions today against syrian refugees just like how they did with the germans running the concentration camps. It was believed that Adolf Hitler (ruler of Germany at the time) and the Nazi party (supporters of Hitler) hated many people for many reasons. They hated jews because jews had most of the money,, most of the jobs, and had already established and owned most of the land in Germany. They hated handicapped people because they were believed to be â€Å"useless†, they hated Gypsies because Gypsies were†¦show more content†¦The Nazi’s nearly killed off the entire European, Jewish race, they killed off â…” of the of them. There were many concentration camps all over Germany. Prisoners could be sent to another camp to survive or for other various reasons. The concentration camps were unstable and unsanitary. The main epidemics or diseases that was within the camps was dysentery (diarrhea) and typhoid. The Prisoners had little to no food and had little clothing. At certain times a SS officer could call for selection meaning he or she will pick the prisoners of best fit that can continue to work. If you ended up on the right, you were safe and if you ended up on the left, you were in danger of being killed, later or on the spot. When enemies or invaders were coming near the camps, the camp officials would call for evacuation or â€Å"Death March.† Not many prisoners would survive because they were already starving and would have to run in the cold nonstop. Officials and the guards ran with the prisoners but they eventually got a break by switching with another official or guard. If you stopped wh ile running, you were shot and killed on the spot. The top 5 most famous concentration camps were Auschwitz, Belzec, Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald, and Chelmno. Auschwitz opened in 1940, around 1.1 million of its prisoners died. Auschwitz is located in Poland and now is a museum. Belzec opened on November, 1941, and closed December 1942. Around 600,000 Jews were murdered at Belzec. Belzec is listed

Political Parties in George Washingtons Cabinet - 758 Words

A political party is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy and programs. George Washington warned the nation against creating political parties in his famous â€Å"Farewell Address†. He feared political parties would divide the country and weaken support of the Constitution (Doc 4). The first major political parties, the Federalists and the Republicans, were created during the term of President George Washington. Despite President Washington’s warning, the rise of the two political parties, in the years after his term was inevitable. The Federalists were in favor of a strong central government, while the anti-federalists opposed most their ideas. Over time, the gradual development†¦show more content†¦Hamilton created a financial system and national bank that solved the countries debt problem. The Anti-Federalists held the opposite views. They were a diverse coalition of people who opposed ratific ation of the Constitution. The party mostly consisted of farmers who lived in the south. They objected the new powerful central government, the loss of prestige for the states, and saw the Constitution as a potential danger to personal liberties. They believed that the greatest threat to the future of the United States lay in the governments potential to become corrupt and seize more and more power until its monarch rule completely dominated the people. Jefferson believed that the Federalists’ acted as monocrats (Doc 5). The Anti-Federalists strongly supported state rights, but were opposed to a national bank because they didn’t want a strong central government (Doc 2). Local control was crucial to Antifederalists’ concept of democracy. The differences in political parties and philosophies led to the opposing opinions on government issues. Disagreements between Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s viewpoints involving a national bank, constitution interpreta tions, and social differences led to the rise of political parties. The Whiskey Rebellion influenced the division between political parties. The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who sold theirShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington and Thomas Jefferson Contribution to Stable Government724 Words   |  3 PagesRevolutionary Contributions to Stable Government George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were two important presidents who had an enormous affect on our nation’s stable government and beginning years of our country. Each made their unique contributions to a new government under the Constitution after the failed adoption of the Articles of Confederation. 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George Washington had a valuable, well-rounded education from ages seven to fifteen, studying all the subjects (Nevins and Graff). Due to his father’s death, George grew up under the supervision of his half-brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, learning manyRead MoreGeorge Washington : A Hero Of The Revolutionary War927 Words   |  4 PagesOften referred to as the â€Å"Father of Our Country,† George Washington (1732-1799) is regarded as one of the most prominent figures in the early history of the the United States of America and a hero of the Revolutionary War. Honest, humble, noble, farmer, commander-in-chief - all words still used this day to describe our country’s first President. 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Forgive me my foul murder! Essay Example For Students

Forgive me my foul murder! Essay Forgive me my foul murder! That cannot be; since I am still possessd of those effects for which I did murder-. III. ii. 52-6 The hypocritical Claudius proclaims the aforementioned prayer, but is Claudius prayer superficial? Shakespeares Hamlet is teeming with deceit, incest, and hypocrisy; all of which are clearly portrayed through Claudius. Shakespeare obscures Claudius sinister characteristics through hypocrisy, but as the play develops, Claudius Mephistophelian nature becomes evident. In the early acts of Hamlet, there is no direct evidence of Claudius villainy. Claudius first appearance depicts him giving a speech to Queen Gertrude, Hamlet, Polonius, and other attendants. Claudius explains, Though yet of Hamlet our dear brothers death the memory be green, and that it us befitted to bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom to be contracted in one brow of woeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, the imperial jointress to this warlike state, have we, as twere with a defeated joy, with an auspicious and a dropping eye, with mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage, in equal scale weighing delight and dole, taken to wife. Nor have we herein barrd your better wisdoms, which have freely gone with this affair along. 7 The naÃÆ' ¯ve audience is unaware of the truth of King Hamlets murder, therefore, are also unaware of Claudius hypocrisy. In the beginning of Claudius speech, he implores the attendants to mourn deeply the death of his brother, the former King, Hamlet. The underlying hypocrisy lies within his orders to mourn because Claudius is not actually mourning Hamlets death. Claudius also misrepresents his marriage to Gertrude by providing seemingly sound reasons and downplaying its awkwardness. Noted critic Joseph Bertram also relates Claudius hypocrisy to his devilish tendencies by stating, Elizabethans viewed it hypocrisy as a particularly serious character flaw. The kings hypocrisy is perhaps most evident in his eloquent speech in Act I, scene ii in which he openly discusses his hasty marriage to Gertrude. Bertram 138-139 Claudius continues to mask evilness with sincerity when Hamlet refuses to obey the common theme: death of fathers. Claudius assures Hamlet thattis a loving and a fair reply. Be as ourself in Denmark. Madam, come; this gentle and unforced accord of Hamlet sits smiling to my heart; in grace whereof, no jocund of health that Denmark drinks today, but the great cannon to the clouds shall tell, and the Kings rouse the heaven shall bruit again, re-speaking earthly thunder. 10 Claudius conveys a remorseful and sincere tone while speaking to Hamlet, but his tone is not justified because he is not sincere and feels no remorse. Joseph Bertram recognizes Claudius false remorse and sincerity and says, To look at him no one would imagine the foul crimes of which he is guilty, the murder of a brother, and the filthy, animal sin of incest. Not the mark of Cain, but a clear conscience seems to show itself on Claudius brow; he seems to emanate health and brightness of soul, and a gracious spirit of nobility. And yet as he wrote the play, Shakespeare, even as he imagined Claudius seeming so splendid, had also imagined him guilty at the very moment of two horrid, ugly crimes. Bertram 140 Although the audience is currently unaware, Shakespeare begins the chronological revealing of Claudius evil nature with his hypocrisy. As the play continues, the audience becomes more aware of Claudius malicious nature. Horatio and Marcellus have previously seen the apparition, whom they believe resembles King Hamlet. Horatio notifies Hamlet of their findings and urges Hamlet to go on watch with Marcellus and him. Horatio spots the ghosts and exclaims, Look, my lord, it comes. 21 The Ghost and Hamlet engage in dialogue and the Ghost admits, I am thy fathers spirit. 23 The Ghost reveals, A serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark is by a forged process of my death rankly abused. But know, thou noble youth, the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. 24 Hamlet replies, O my prophetic soul! .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 , .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .postImageUrl , .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 , .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:hover , .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:visited , .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:active { border:0!important; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:active , .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820 .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fb1a190d6fffe1a5250ec2344030820:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Berger and History EssayMy uncle! 24 Critic Victor Cahn believes, Hamlets response, O my prophetic soul! tells us that he has suspected as much all along. Cahn 76 The Ghost recommences his describing of the murder by saying, Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast, with witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts- O wicked wit and gifts that have the power so to seduce! 24 As Victor Cahn has stated, Hamlet has thought this all along and now the Ghost has confirmed his suspicions, but Joseph Bertram concedes that, There is still a strong possibility that the Ghosts words ought not to be taken. What we have seen of Claudius suggests a clear conscience: we have been present whilst a very gracious and most noble-looking renaissance monarch transacted private and public business with an admiring court around him. Bertram 139 Bertrams criticism relates to the false appearance Claudius is portraying. Claudius egregious hypocrisy deceives the audience, and leads them to possibly disregard the Ghosts statements. Hamlet, however, does not disregard the Ghosts statements, and he becomes increasingly more delirious at the stark realization that Claudius murdered his father. The natural guilty conscience of Claudius leads him to believe that Hamlet is aware of Claudius foul crimes. Shakespeare proceeds to reveal Claudius villainy by showing his guilty conscience when he says to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern speaking about Hamlet, To draw him on the pleasures and to gather so much as from occasion you may glean, whether aught to us unknown afflicts him thus that opend lies within our remedy. 33 Here, we see Claudius telling Hamlets boyhood friends to spy on him and ascertain the reason of Hamlets madness. Although the audience receives more proof of Claudius true nature, there is still a feeling of ambiguity about his guilt. Shakespeare provides the final revelation of Claudius Mephistophelian nature as the play culminates. Hamlet concocts a plan to prove Claudius guilt and reveal his true nature. He orders for players to perform The Murder of Gonzago, and meticulously describes how the players are to act. Hamlet plans to have the players emulate Claudius murder of King Hamlet in the play. Hamlet asks Horatio to watch Claudius reaction to the seen of the murder. Hamlet describes to scene to the audience, He poisons him i the garden for his estate. His names Gonzago. The story is extant, and written in very choice Italian. You shall see anon how the murderer gets the love of Gonzagos wife. 64 Ophelia notes, The king rises, 64 and Claudius shouts, Give me some light. Away! 64 Claudius reaction to the poisoning scene assures Hamlet of his guilt and he says, O good Horatio, Ill take the Ghosts words for a thousand pound. Critic Joseph Bertram declares, After the moment when Claudius has shown his guilt fleetingly in his face and gesture, upon the talk of the poisoning, there is no more doubt for Hamlet and Horatio, and for audience and reader. And up to this moment Shakespeare does not show Claudius in such a way that we know him for what he is: but once murder has spoken with miraculous organ we can see him without the disguise. Bertram 141 The completely revealed Claudius attempts to prayer and proclaims, O, my offense is rank, it smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upont, a brother murder. Pray can I not, though inclination be as sharp as will; my stronger guilt defeats my strong intentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦My fault is past. But O, what form of prayer can serve my turn? Forgive me my foul murder? That cannot be, since I am still possessd of those effect for which I did the murder- My crown, mine own ambition and my queen. May one be pardond and retain the offence? 69-70 Claudius hypocrisy reveals itself again as he tries to pray for his foul offense, but wishes to retain the rewards it has brought him. .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b , .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .postImageUrl , .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b , .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:hover , .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:visited , .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:active { border:0!important; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:active , .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud726c3e9cfd25cbf0acf0dc76e76df5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk Driving EssayClaudius subverts his conscience and refuses to ask for divine forgiveness. www. liffnotes. com 1 Joseph Bertram maintains, An Elizabethan audience would not likely sympathize with the monarch as he tries to pray in Act III, scene iii, for his admission of sinning coupled with his inability to repent only makes his wickedness more pronounced. Bertram 139 Even after attempting to repent his sins, Claudius now conspires to have Hamlet sent to England and killed on arrival. The true nature of Claudius is completely revealed and his prayers are recognized as pure hypocrisy. Claudius plan to have Hamlet murdered is thwarted, although that does not stop his murderess will. Joseph Bertram explains, Shakespeare makes Claudius a hypocrite in what he says and does as the action progresses, and when the last scene has arrived we have been able to understand the kind of villainy that lurk beneath his fair and smooth appearance. It is obvious then that he has been created by the playwright as this particular kind of dangerous person, the hypocrite, who by virtue of his position and of his seeming splendor can pervert not merely his queen, but the very land, which he has stolen from his victim. Claudius is not a mixture of good and bad, he is an evil man who seems good. Bertram 141 Shakespeare removes the obscurities of hypocrisy and portrays the real Claudius. By the completion of Hamlet, the audience recognizes the Mephistophelian nature. Shakespeare provides the proof is Claudius true nature chronologically as the play proceeds. Claudius dares to be both a villain and a hypocrite; his heart does not smile with his face; he is guilty of murder and incest, the smile on his face hides guilt and the planning of yet more villainy in his heart. Bertram 141 From Claudius the audience learns the dangers of such character flaws and traits that he possesses.

Effects of Divorce on Women in Canada for Symbolic Interactionism

Question: Write about theEffects of Divorce on Women in Canada for Symbolic Interactionism. Answer: According to statistics, four in ten first time marriages in Canada end in divorce (Divorce, 2008). It is important to note that divorce has negative effects on both men and women. However, the effects of divorce among women are more prevalent and severe as compared to their men counterparts. According to the article Women, men, and the economic consequences of divorce: Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data, marriage dissolutions have result in emotional, sociological and economical problems among divorcees, with greater impact among women. From the article, the poverty rate among women divorcees increases significantly from during the year of divorce but later reduces as women seek financial interdependence (Finnie, 1993). In addition, there labour market participation rate falls substantially immedeately after marriage dissolution and increases after a few months (Finnie, 1993). Indeed, these statistics and findings are in line with the concepts suggested in the symbolic interaction theory. According to symbolic theory, the way people understood the role of a husband and wife in the traditional society has changed in the modern society (Crossman, 2018). The symbol of the husband was associated with providing financial stability for the wife. However, with the advent of divorce and modernity, there is a direct correlation between the way society views the role of marriage and the overall health of the family (Symbolic Interactionism, 2017). The roles within marriage and society have changed as women fight to regain financial stability after divorce. References Crossman, A. (2018). Learn About Symbolic Interactionism. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.thoughtco.com/symbolic-interaction-theory-3026633 Divorce. (2008). Statistics Canada. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/help/bb/info/divorce Finnie, R. (1993). Women, men, and the economic consequences of divorce: Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data. Canadian Review Of Sociology, 30(1), 205-241. Symbolic Interactionism. (2017). University of Twente. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.utwente.nl/en/bms/communication-theories/sorted-by-cluster/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Symbolic_Interactionism/

International Business Law and Environment - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the International Business Law and Environment. Answer: Introduction The case of Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. United States 693 FSupp 1183 (1988) saw a number of cross motions being made for summary judgment. This summary judgement had been based on Rule of United States Court of International Trade, particularly its rule 56. The main issue raised here was regarding the duty being imposed on the machinery importation in foreign trade subzone for production of merchandise (Court Listener, 2018). Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corporation U.S.A. (Nissan) was the plaintiff, who had moved to the court for this judgement on the basis that United States Customs Service (USCS) had to re-liquidate the production machinery entries and relevant capital requirements; along with for getting the duties refunded which were above $3,000,000. The defendant, United States, applied before the court for assessing the duty (August, Mayer and Bixby, 2012). This discussion presents a summary of this case, where the arguments put forth by the defendant have been covered. Background of the case Under the US Foreign Trade Zones Act, the relevant authority was provided to foreign trade zones establishment, in which the merchandise could be imported duty free for the purpose of selling. This included distribution, sorting, grading, mixing, cleaning, storing, selling, breaking up, assembling, mixing of foreign merchandise with mixing, and assumption, or any other sort of manipulation save for the ones provided herewith (Enforcement, 2018). A foreign trade zone was formed in Smyrna, Tennessee, for Nissan. Nissan imported machinery worth $116 million for its use for manufacturing the cars at this plant. US Customs Service assessed over $3,000,000 as the import duties of machinery. Nissan paid this tax under protest and challenged the validity of this duty. This assessment was upheld and an appeal was made against this decision by the defendant (Cameron, 2015). Arguments of Defendant As a defendant, it is argued that the exhaustive list of activities covered in 1950 amendment of the Foreign Trade Zones Act (FTZA), where it is clearly provided that the clear language of the statute distorted the reading as other terms in context of used, operated or used. The general rule under the statutory construction is expressio unius est exclusio alterius, which provides that a specific item is to be considered as excluding the substitute. Reference here needs to be made to United States v. Douglas Aircraft Co., 62 CCPA 54, 59, C.A.D. 1145 (1975) (Case Text, 2018a). The activities identified by Congress in their comprehensive list did not allow the installation or operation of production equipment till the duties were paid. Along with the simple reading of statute, the amendment of 1950 and the legislative history shows the Congresss intention (The Court, 2014). The legislative history would be interpreted by the defendant to show the intention of Congress in the matter of the zones to not be used completely for avoiding the duties on production equipment, which are consumed or used in that particular zone. The defendant supports this interpretation by using the history of statue for amending the FTZA (Durant, 2018). Based on this, it can be presented that as per the amendment of 1950, there was an exemption from payment of these duties, particularly for the merchandise imported in the free trade zone; which is not applied on the machinery or equipment which is imported for purpose of being used in this zone (Bolle and Williams, 2013). The defendant agrees that this observation was made long back in 1984 and that the production machinery by that time had been imported in Nissan subzone, it highlights this amendments history (Justia, 2018a). In the two cases of Co. v. United States, 74 Cust Ct 583, 590, 200 F Supp 302, 308 (1961), aff'd, 50 C CPA 36, C.A.D. 816 (1963), as well as, Butler v. United States Dep't of Agriculture, 826 F.2d 409, 414 n. 6 (5th Cir.1987), a common theme was followed regarding a careful consideration of the following statements as the expert opinions authoritative expression (Case Text, 2018b). Reliance had been made by the plaintiff on Hawaiian Indep Refinery v. United States, 81 Cust Ct 117, 460 F Supp 1249 (1978). This matter had crude oil being imported in the foreign trade one which had been processed at oil refinery present in this subzone. After some time, a segment from this processed crude oil was stored and used as source of fuelling the refinerys operations based on the relevant requirement (Leagle, 2018a). The plaintiff of this case had been asked by USCS, for fling the refined crude oil use as consumption entry in the zone, and for classifying the fuel based on Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS). The decision was protested based on the refined crude oil not being subjected to duty. The refined crude oil was used as secondary source of fuel in this case and this was not made dutiable as a result of this (Justia, 2018b). Though, there is a stark between the quoted case and this present instance. This is because in the quoted case, the FTZA covered refined crude oil in the meaning of merchandise. Though, production equipment is not covered in this definition owing to the Congresss exhaustive list regarding allowed operation not being permitted an article to be brought in this zone, free of duty, and for the same to be used as production machinery for making the other articles. As a matter of public policy, the Congress had no intent of placing the manufacturers or sellers of this machinery in a place which puts them at an entire competitive disadvantage in context of production machinery being manufactured in foreign, which could be imported without the duty in such zones and could be sold off cheaply. One of the Customs Service Decisions provided that the production machinery imported from Japan for using in other foreign trade zone that every article could not be considered as merchandise. Here, the defendant would emphasize on the legislative proposal regarding permitting the entry of this equipment in a specified manner in foreign trade zone, without making the payment of duty, which the Congress had rejected (Leagle, 2018b). In context of Hawaiian Indep Refinery v. United States, there is also a need to present that the tariff schedule which were applicable on Nissan, acted as payment of such duties, had been contemplated specifically by the board creating the subzone. The board did hold the power, as per the defendant, of giving regulations and rules required for carrying this act. Thus, the payment of duties regarding production equipment could not be denied by the plaintiff. Nissan had acknowledged implicitly that the payment of duty as a requirement for the production equipment for foreign trade zone in the complete and formal application was the basic plan in the FTZ system. This had been submitted back in May of 1982. Through these documents, the scope granted by the Board, in context of the zone, had been clearly defined (Leagle, 2018b). Courts Decision The court stated that there was no need to consider the authority of Board in putting the stipulations on granting the payment of duty for production equipment for a particular zone. Still, the Board was not under the condition to grant Nissans subzone any kind of implicit promise on the basis of the documents which had been presented regarding the payment of duties in May. The Court reached the conclusion regarding Order, and regarding the resolution, which had been adopted already and the Grant of Authority been already delivered. Further, in the Federal Register, these documents had been published already (Leagle, 2018b). Regarding the actions of Board, the court held that the application made to the board by Nissan, could not make reference to the dutiable status of production machinery; along with this, the grant of authority does not restrict the right of entry of such machinery by the company in the zone, without paying the relevant duties or the same being conditioned by the grant in such a way which could waive the rights of company for challenging the entry needs of USCS by filing protest and by initiating an action to challenge the denial of such protest. This led to the second argument being declined; but this did not result in the first argument of defendant being defeated regarding legislative history and statue (Schaffer, Agusti and Dhooge, 2014). Based on the amendments of FTA, and its language, coupled with legislative history, the capital equipment and the production machinery were held as dutiable by the court. This led to the summary judgment of defendant being granted and in the denial of the same filed by Nissan (Leagle 2018b). Conclusion This case shows that the production equipments and the capital equipments which are brought in the foreign trade subzones are subjected to duty, owing to the legislative history and the applicable statues. This led to the claims made by the plaintiff in this case being denied and the verdict being given in favour of the defendant. References August, R.A., Mayer, D., and Bixby, M. (2012) International Business Law. 6th ed. London: Pearson Education. Bolle, M.J., and Williams, B.R. (2013) U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Background and Issues for Congress. [Online] Congressional Research Service. Available from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42686.pdf [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Cameron, G.D. (2015) International Business Law: Cases and Materials. Michigan: Van Rye Publishing. Case Text. (2018a) United States V. Douglas Aircraft Co. [Online] Case Text. Available from: https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-douglas-aircraft-co [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Case Text. (2018b) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. V. U.S., (CIT 1988). [Online] Case Text. Available from: https://casetext.com/case/nissan-motor-mfg-corp-usa-v-us [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Court Listener. (2018) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., USA v. United States, 693 F. Supp. 1183 (Ct. Intl. Trade 1988). [Online] Court Listener. Available from: https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2357262/nissan-motor-mfg-corp-usa-v-united-states/? [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Durant, J. (2018) HQ 219492. [Online] Internet FAQ Archives. Available from: https://www.faqs.org/rulings/rulings1990HQ0219492.html [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Enforcement. (2018) U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones Board. [Online] Enforcement. Available from: https://enforcement.trade.gov/ftzpage/19uscftz/ch1a.html [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Justia. (2018a) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A., Plaintiff-appellant, v. the United States, Defendant-appellee, 884 F.2d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1989). [Online] Justia. Available from: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/884/1375/463930/ [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Justia. (2018b) Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc., Appellant, v. the United States, Appellee, 697 F.2d 1063 (Fed. Cir. 1983). [Online] Justia. Available from: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/697/1063/11356/ [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Leagle. (2018a) Hawaiian Independent Refinery v United States. [Online] Leagle. Available from: https://www.leagle.com/decision/19781709460FSupp1249_11512/HAWAIIAN%20INDEPENDENT%20REFINERY%20v.%20UNITED%20STATES [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Leagle. (2018b) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. U.S. [Online] Leagle. Available from: https://www.leagle.com/decision/19881876693FSupp1183_11747/NISSAN%20MOTOR%20MFG.%20CORP.,%20U.S.A.%20v.%20U.S. [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Schaffer, R., Agusti, F., and Dhooge, L.J. (2014) International Business Law and Its Environment. 9th ed. USA: Cengage Learning. The Court. (2014) Customs Cases Adjudged in the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Michigan: Michigan State University.

Moon Essays - Observational Astronomy, Lunar Science, Hemispheres

Moon The moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. The moon orbits the Earth from 384,400 km and has an average speed of 3700 km per hour. It has a diameter of 3476 km, which is about ? that of the Earth and has a mass of 7.35e22 kg. The moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the sun. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the moon cause some interesting effects; tides are the most obvious. The moon has no atmosphere, but there is evidence by the United States Department of Defense Clementine spacecraft shows that there maybe water ice in some deep craters near the moon's North and South Pole that are permanently shaded. Most of the moon's surface is covered with regolith, which is a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris produced by meteor impact. There are two types of terrain on the moon. One is the heavily cratered and very old highlands. The other is the relatively smooth and younger craters that were flooded with molten lava. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, visual exploration through powerful telescopes has yielded a fairly comprehensive picture of the visible side of the moon. The hitherto unseen far side of the moon was first revealed to the world in October 1959 through photographs made by the Soviet Lunik III spacecraft. These photographs showed that the far side of the moon is similar to the near side except that large lunar maria are absent. Craters are now known to cover the entire moon, ranging in size from huge, ringed maria to those of microscopic size. The entire moon has about 3 trillion craters larger than about 1 m in diameter. The moon shows different phases as it moves along its orbit around the earth. Half the moon is always in sunlight, just as half the earth has day while the other half has night. The phases of the moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen at any one time. In the new moon, the face is completely in shadow. About a week later, the moon is in first quarter, resembling a half-circle; another week later, the full moon shows its fully lighted surface; a week afterward, in its last quarter, the moon appears as a half-circle again. The entire cycle is repeated each lunar month, which is approximately 29.5 days. The moon is full when it is farther away from the sun than the earth; it is new when it is closer. When it is more than half-illuminated, it is said to be in gibbous phase. The moon is waning when it progresses from full to new, and waxing as it proceeds again to full. Temperatures on its surface are extreme, ranging from a maximum of 127? C (261? F) at lunar noon to a minimum of -173? C (-279? F) just before lunar dawn. The Harvest moon is full moon at harvest time in the North Temperate Zone, or more exactly, the full moon occurring just before the autumnal equinox on about September 23. During this season the moon rises at a point opposite to the sun, or close to the exact eastern point of the horizon. Moreover, the moon rises only a few minutes later each night, affording on several successive evenings an attractive moonrise close to sunset time and strong moonlight almost all night if the sky is not clouded. The continuance of the moonlight after sunset is useful to farmers in northern latitudes, who are then harvesting their crops. The full moon following the harvest moon, which exhibits the same phenomena in a lesser degree, is called the hunter's moon. A similar phenomenon to the harvest moon is observed in southern latitudes at the spring equinox on about March 21.